12 May 1237               Swordbrothers Order is incorporated into the Teutonic Order as a separate branch or province, informally known as the Livonian Order (Livländischer Orden) and administered by the Land-Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia (Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens Livland).

1253                     Archbishop of Livonia, Prussia and Estonia, previously having no separate diocese, becomes also the Bishop of Riga. Both offices formally merged 20 Jan 1255.

1282                       City of Riga becomes a member of the Hanseatic League. Later joined by 7 other cities: Wenden (Cesis), Lemsal (Limbazi), Kokenhusen (Koknese), Wolmar (Valmiera), Goldingen (Kuldiga), Windau (Ventspils) and Roop (Straupe).

7 May 1366               Nominal suzerainty of Archbishop of Riga over the possessions of the Livonian Order is formally abolished.

1413                       Livonian knights are entitled to elect their Land-Master. The Livonian Order becomes fully autonomous.

1420                      Livonian Confederation (Livländischer Bund) established, includes the Archbishop of Riga, bishops of Dorpat, Courland, Ösel-Wiek and Reval, their chapters (Domkapitel), Land-Master of Livonian Order, vassals of bishops and the Order and cities of Riga, Dorpat (Tartu) and Reval (Tallinn). Possessions of all these rulers were known in common as Livonia during 13th-16th centuries.

24 Dec 1526               Land-Master of Livonian Order granted, by the Emperor, the style of Prince of Livonia (formally from in 1530; from this moment on the Land-Master, the archbishop of Riga, and the King of Poland share this style). Style not used by the Land-Master before 1557.

28 Nov 1561               The Land-Master Gotthard Kettler becomes a Protestant, a massive reorganization takes place. The treaty of subjugation between the Land-Master, Archbishop of Riga and Grand Prince of Lithuania comes into effect and establishes two secular Protestant countries: Duchy of Courland as a hereditary fief of Lithuania given to the last Land-Master and Principality (later Duchy) of Livonia in personal (actually subordinate) union with Lithuania (effective 5 Mar 1562).

26 Feb 1621               Sweden occupies Livonia, and annexes it de jure

3 May 1660.

26 Sep 1621               City of Riga surrenders to the Swedish forces.

26 Sep 1629               Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth provisionally cedes the city of Riga and western part of Duchy of Livonia, (Livonia proper and southern part of modern Estonia), to Sweden (extended in 12 Sep 1635 and confirmed in 3 May 1660). The Commonwealth retains eastern part of Duchy of Livonia (Lettgallia).

Aug 1701 - Sep 1709       Courland and Semigallia occupied by Sweden and Russia

15 Jul 1710               City of Riga surrenders to the Russian forces, Russian occupation of Swedish Livonia completed

10 Sep 1721               Swedish Livonia formally ceded by Sweden to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad.

30 Sep 1773               In the Second Partition of Poland-Lithuania, Lettgallia is annexed by the Russian Empire.

26 Apr 1795               Courland and Semigallia annexed by Russia in the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

20 Jul 1812 - 20 Dec 1812 Province of Courland under the French occupation.

1889                       Full integration of Livonia and Courland into the Russian Empire.

May 1915 - Oct 1915       Courland gradually occupied by Germany.

5 Jul 1917               Autonomy granted to the provinces of Livonia and Courland by Russia

3 Sep 1917               Germans occupy the city of Riga.

9 Nov 1917 - 20 Nov 1917 Bolshevik troops gradually take over the province of Livonia (in 21 Nov 1917 military administration of Livonia replaced by the United Latvian Workers, Soldiers and Landless Peasants' Soviet, located in Valka).

29 Dec 1917               Autonomous Latvian Soviet government within the Russian Soviet Republic declared.

30 Jan 1918               Latvian Provisional National Council established in 30 Nov 1917 by the representatives of the Land Councils of Livonia, Courland and Lettgallia, declares (underground) that Latvia "shall be an independent republic."

18 Feb 1918 - 22 Feb 1918 Livonia and Lettgallia gradually occupied by Germany.

3 Mar 1918               In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Brzecz-Litewski) Courland, the city of Riga, and its surroundings are "no longer subject to Russia."

8 Mar 1918               Land Council of Courland (Landesrat von Kurland), set up by the local German elite in Jelgava (Mitau), proclaims the Duchy of Courland, and resolves to make it in personal union with Prussia (15 Mar 1918 independence recognized by Germany).

12 Apr 1918               The Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel (Vereinigter Landesrat von Livland, Estland, Riga und Ösel), set up by set up by the local German elite, proclaims the independent Baltic State (Baltischer Staat), also and resolves to make it into a Duchy in personal union with the kingdom of Prussia. The German Emperor, Wilhelm II, expresses his gratitude to the delegation offering him the ducal title and defers his answer (which never comes); (from 8 Nov 1918, state also includes Courland).

1 Aug 1918               German administrations for the Administrative Regions of Livonia, Estonia, Courland, Ösel and Riga united into a central Military Administration of the Baltic Lands in Riga.

27 Aug 1918               Treaty of Berlin the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is amended, Russia relinquishes rights over the rest of Livonia and Krustpils (Kreuzburg), but (nominally) retains Lettgallia.

22 Sep 1918               Independence of the Baltic State is recognized by Germany.

8 Nov 1918               A regency council for the Baltic State is set up by United Land Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel, and the Land Council of Courland, incorporating the Duchy of Courland into the Baltic State, which is declared to be a federal state, consisting of 7 cantons: Estonia, Courland, Lettgallia, North Livonia, Ösel, Riga and South Livonia (institutions of the Baltic State function [from 17 Nov 1918 in opposition] until their dissolution in 28 Nov 1918).

11 Nov 1918               Germany signs an Armistice at Compiegne, France, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is declared void. The German military administration of the Baltic Lands functions until 26 Nov 1918. Principal Allied and Associated Powers recognize the Latvian National Council as the de facto government of Latvia.

18 Nov 1918               Independence (Latvia) declared by the Latvian People's Council, formed in 17 Nov 1918

25 Nov 1918               Germany recognizes de facto independence of Latvia

25 Nov 1918 - 26 Nov 1919 German and Allied military administrations in Liepaja (Libau), Riga and Jelgava (Mitau) (see below).

17 Dec 1918               Latvian Conciliar (["Soviet"] from 15 Jan 1919 Socialist Soviet) Republic proclaimed (in opposition to the Republic of Latvia); recognized by Soviet Russia on 22 Dec 1918.

3 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Soviet Russian troops occupy Riga.

22 May 1919               Soviet troops lose Riga, Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic reduced to the eastern part of Latvia (Russian occupied Lettgallia).

13 Jan 1920               Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic dissolved, Soviet Russian troops leave on 1 Feb 1920.

11 Aug 1920               Latvian independence recognized by Russia (effective 4 Oct 1920).

26 Jan 1921               Independence de jure recognized by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

7 Nov 1922               Republic of Latvia.

17 Jun 1940               Occupied by the Soviet Union.

21 Jul 1940               Renamed Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic.

5 Aug 1940               Incorporation into Soviet Union (the move is not internationally recognized).

23 Jun 1941 - 9 Jul 1941 Gradually occupied by Germany (in Riga from 1 Jul 1941).

28 Jun 1941               Independence of the Republic of Latvia declared, the government functions in the liberated areas and in the German rear until 7 Jul 1941.

1 Sep 1941               Latvia is made a General District (Generalbezirk Lettland), informally Land, within the Reichskommissariat of Ostland. The city of Riga (Gebiet Riga Stadt) is directly administered by the Reichskommissar for Ostland.

17 Jul 1944 - Nov 1944     Gradually re-occupied by Soviets, except the Courland peninsula, (in Riga from 13 Oct 1944).

19 Mar 1945               Autonomous state (Latvia) declared under the German protectorate.

7 May 1945               Independence of the Republic of Latvia declared, the government functions in Liepaja to 8 May 1945.

8 May 1945               German troops in the Courland pocket surrender.

28 Jul 1989               Declaration of state sovereignty.

4 May 1990               Republic of Latvia

21 Aug 1991               Independence declared.

6 Sep 1991               Independence recognized by Soviet Union.

Dažāda ranga Latvijas valsts vadītāji.

Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the United Workers,

Soldiers and Landless Peasants' Councils ("Soviets") of Latvia

21 Nov 1917 - 22 Nov 1917 Otto Karklins                     (d. 1937)           LSD-M

22 Nov 1917 - 22 Feb 1918 Fricis Rozins                     (b. 1870 - d. 1919) LSD-L

Chairman of the Latvian (Provisional to 23 Oct 1918) National Council

30 Nov 1917 - 17 Nov 1918 Voldemars Zamuels                 (b. 1872 - d. 1948) Non-party (to 11 Nov 1918 underground)

Chairman of the Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel

12 Apr 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Adolph Konstantin Jakob Baron     (b. 1851 - d. 1925) Pilar von Pilchau

Reichskommissare for the Baltic Sea Region

1 Aug 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Friedrich Karl Alexander Cäsar   (b. 1869 - d. 1946) Freiherr von Falkenhausen

8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918 August Winnig                     (b. 1878 - d. 1956)

Head of the Military Administration of the Baltic Lands

1 Aug 1918 - 4 Dec 1918 Alfred Freiherr von Gossler       (b. 1867 - d. 1946) Mil

Baltic Duke

8 Nov 1918 - 28 Nov 1918 Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich Herzog von Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1873 - d. 1969) (nominated, never assume office)

8 Nov 1918 - 17 Nov 1918 Adolph Konstantin Jakob Baron     (s.a.) Pilar von Pilchau -Regent (chairman of the Baltic Council of Regency)

Chairman of the Baltic Land Executive Committee

8 Nov 1918 - 28 Nov 1918 Eduard Julius Alexander Freiherr (b. 1863 - d. 1939) von Dellingshausen

Deputy Chairmen of the Latvian People's Council

18 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Gustavs Zemgals                   (b. 1871 - d. 1939) LSDSP + Margers Skujenieks             (b. 1886 - d. 1941) LSDSP (acting for absent Cakste)

Presidents

18 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Janis Cakste (1st time)           (b. 1859 - d. 1927) LZS (chairman Latvian People's Council, continues in opposition to Latvian SSR to 22 May 1919)

17 Dec 1918 - 22 May 1919 Peteris Stucka                   (b. 1865 - d. 1932) LKP (chairman Conciliar Government [in Russia to 22 Dec 1918] to 13 Jan 1919, then chairman Central Executive Committee; continues in Lettgallia to 3 Jan 1920)

22 May 1919 - 3 Nov 1925 Janis Cakste (2nd time)           (s.a.)               LZS:1922 DC (chairman Latvian People's Council to 1 May 1920, then president of Constitutional Assembly to 7 Nov 1922)

22 May 1919 - 13 Jul 1919 Margers Skujenieks               (s.a.)               LSDSP + Gustavs Zemgals                 (s.a.)               LSDSP (acting for absent Cakste)

3 Nov 1925 - 10 Nov 1925 Pauls Kalnins (1st time)(acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1945) LSDSP

10 Nov 1925 - 14 Mar 1927 Janis Cakste (3rd time)           (s.a.)               DC

14 Mar 1927 - 8 Apr 1927 Pauls Kalnins (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)               LSDSP

8 Apr 1927 - 8 Apr 1930 Gustavs Zemgals                   (s.a.)               DC

8 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1930 Pauls Kalnins (3rd time)(acting) (s.a.)               LSDSP

11 Apr 1930 - 11 Apr 1936 Alberts Kviesis                   (b. 1881 - d. 1944) LZS;1934 None

11 Apr 1936 - 21 Jul 1940 Karlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis   (b. 1877 - d. 1942) Non-party (from May 1934, self-styled Vadonis [Leader])

21 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts Kirhensteins (acting)     (b. 1872 - d. 1963) LDTB (not recognized internationally or by Latvian diplomats abroad)

Chairman of the Latvian Organization Central Committee

28 Jun 1941 - 7 Jul 1941 Ernests Kreismanis               (b. 1890 - d. 1965) Mil

Commander-in-chief of German Army Group Nord

1 Jul 1941 - 4 Jul 1941 Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb           (b. 1876 - d. 1956)

Commander of the German Army Region Nord

5 Jul 1941 - 1 Sep 1941 Franz von Roques                 (b. 1877 - d. 1967)

Generalkommissare für Lettland

1 Sep 1941 - 12 Aug 1944 Otto Heinrich Drechsler           (b. 1895 - d. 1945) NS

12 Aug 1944 - 20 Feb 1945 Hans-Otto von Borcke (acting)     (b. 1910 - d. 1989) NS

Commanders of the German Army Group Kurland

15 Jan 1945 - 27 Jan 1945 Lothar Rendulic (1st time)       (b. 1887 - d. 1971)

27 Jan 1945 - 10 Mar 1945 Heinrich Gottfried Freiherr von Vietinghoff gen. Scheel        (b. 1887 - d. 1952)

10 Mar 1945 - 25 Mar 1945 Lothar Rendulic (2nd time)       (s.a.)

25 Mar 1945 - 8 May 1945 Carl Hilpert                     (b. 1888 - d. 1948)

Plenipotentiary of the Reich

2 Feb 1945 - 8 May 1945 Hermann Heinrich Behrend         (b. 1898 - d. 1987)

Chairman of the Latvian National Council

20 Feb 1945 - 7 May 1945 Oskars Dankers                   (b. 1883 - d. 1965) Mil

Chairman of the Latvian People's Council

7 May 1945 - 8 May 1945 Janis Andersons (at Liepaja)     (b. 1902 - d. 1969) Non-party

Presidents

3 May 1990 - 8 Jul 1993 Anatolijs Gorbunovs               (b. 1942)           LC (chairman Supreme Council to 6 Jul 1993 [this office is declared to be that of the head of state 15 Sep 1992], then acting president)

8 Jul 1993 - 8 Jul 1999 Guntis Ulmanis                   (b. 1939)           LZS

8 Jul 1999 - 8 Jul 2007 Vaira Vike-Freiberga (f)         (b. 1937)           Non-party

8 Jul 2007 - 8 Jul 2011 Valdis Zatlers                   (b. 1955)           Non-party

8 Jul 2011 -             Andris Berzins                   (b. 1944)           ZZS

Prime ministers

17 Nov 1918 - 3 Jan 1919 Karlis Ulmanis (1st time)         (s.a.)               LZS (continues in opposition to Latvian SSR at Liepaja to 26 Apr 1919)

13 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Peteris Stucka                   (s.a.)               LKP (chairman of the [Provisional to 15 Jan 1919] Soviet Government of the Latvian SSR; continues in Lettgallia to 3 Jan 1920)

16 Apr 1919 - 26 Apr 1919 Hans Joachim Paul Adolph Baron   (b. 1894 - d. 1919) Mil von Manteuffel gen. Szoege (chairman of the Security Committee of Local Front Troops; in opposition to Latvian SSR)

26 Apr 1919 - 27 Jun 1919 Andrievs Niedra                   (b. 1871 - d. 1942) Non-party (in opposition to Latvian SSR at Liepaja to 22 May 1919)

26 Apr 1919 - 11 May 1919 Oskars Borkovskis                 (b. 1872 - d. 1945) Non-party (acting for Niedra)

27 Jun 1919 - 18 Jun 1921 Karlis Ulmanis (2nd time)         (s.a.)               LZS

18 Jun 1921 - 27 Jan 1923 Zigfrids Meierovics (1st time)   (b. 1887 - d. 1925) LZS

27 Jan 1923 - 28 Jun 1923 Janis Pauluks                     (b. 1865 - d. 1937) Non-party

28 Jun 1923 - 27 Jan 1924 Zigfrids Meierovics (2nd time)   (s.a.)               LZS

27 Jan 1924 - 17 Dec 1924 Voldemars Zamuels (1st time)     (b. 1872 - d. 1948) DCP

17 Dec 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Hugo Celmins (1st time)           (b. 1877 - d. 1941) LZS

23 Dec 1925 - 6 May 1926 Karlis Ulmanis (3rd time)         (s.a.)               LZS

6 May 1926 - 18 Dec 1926 Artur Alberings                   (b. 1876 - d. 1934) LZS

18 Dec 1926 - 23 Jan 1928 Margers Skujenieks (1st time)     (s.a.)               LSDSP

23 Jan 1928 - 1 Dec 1928 Peteris Jurasevskis               (b. 1872 - d. 1945) DCP

1 Dec 1928 - 25 Mar 1931 Hugo Celmins (2nd time)           (s.a.)               LZS

25 Mar 1931 - 5 Dec 1931 Karlis Ulmanis (4th time)         (s.a.)               LZS

5 Dec 1931 - 23 Mar 1933 Margers Skujenieks (2nd time)     (s.a.)               LSDSP

23 Mar 1933 - 17 Mar 1934 Adolfs Blodnieks                 (b. 1889 - d. 1962) LJSP

17 Mar 1934 - 21 Jun 1940 Karlis Ulmanis (5th time)         (s.a.)               LZS

21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Augusts Kirhensteins             (s.a.)               Non-party (not recognized internationally or by Latvian diplomats abroad)

1 Jul 1941 - 8 Jul 1941 Bernhards Einbergs (acting)       (b. 1893 - d. 1945) Non-party

8 Jul 1941 - 1 Sep 1941 Alfreds Valdmanis                (b. 1908 - d. 1978) Non-party (not recognized officially)

First Director-General of the Land Self-Government

1 Sep 1941 - 20 Feb 1945 Oskars Dankers                   (s.a.)               Mil (not recognized officially to 7 May 1942, acting to 16 Mar 1944, suspended from 27 Sep 1944)

President of the Latvian National Committee

20 Feb 1945 - 3 May 1945 Rudolfs Bangerskis (at Liepaja)   (b. 1878 - d. 1958) Mil

Prime ministers

3 May 1945 - 8 May 1945 Roberts Osis                     (b. 1900 - d. 1973) Mil (provisional; at Liepaja)

7 May 1990 - 20 Jul 1993 Ivars Godmanis (1st time)        (b. 1951)           LTF (chairman of the Council of Ministers)

20 Jul 1993 - 15 Sep 1994 Valdis Birkavs                   (b. 1942)           LC

15 Sep 1994 - 21 Dec 1995 Maris Gailis                     (b. 1951)            LC

21 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1997 Andris Skele (1st time)           (b. 1958)           Non-party

7 Aug 1997 - 26 Nov 1998 Guntars Krasts                   (b. 1957)           TB-LNNK

26 Nov 1998 - 16 Jul 1999 Vilis Kristopans                 (b. 1954)           LC

16 Jul 1999 - 5 May 2000 Andris Skele (2nd time)           (s.a.)               TP

5 May 2000 - 7 Nov 2002 Andris Berzins                   (b. 1951)           LC

7 Nov 2002 - 9 Mar 2004 Einars Repse                     (b. 1961)           JL

9 Mar 2004 - 2 Dec 2004 Indulis Emsis                     (b. 1952)           LZP

2 Dec 2004 - 20 Dec 2007 Aigars Kalvitis                   (b. 1966)           TP

20 Dec 2007 - 12 Mar 2009 Ivars Godmanis (2nd time)         (s.a.)               LC

12 Mar 2009 -             Valdis Dombrovskis               (b. 1971)           JL:6-8-2011 VP

Latvijas Republikas trimda pēc 2. pasaules kara.

Acting Presidents

17 Jun 1940 - 8 Sep 1944 Vacant

8 Sep 1944 - 27 Aug 1945 Pauls Kalnins (4th time)         (s.a.)               LSDSP (underground to Oct 1944)

27 Aug 1945 - 2 Dec 1969 Bishop Jazeps Rancans             (b. 1886 - d. 1969) LKZKP

2 Dec 1969 - 21 Aug 1991 Vacant

Heads of the Diplomatic Service

17 Jun 1940 - 29 Apr 1963 Karlis Zarins (in London)         (b. 1879 - d. 1963) Non-party

29 Apr 1963 - 1 Oct 1970 Arnolds Spekke                   (b. 1887 - d. 1972) Non-party (in Washington, DC)

1 Oct 1970 - 21 Aug 1991 Anatols Dinbergs                 (b. 1911 - d. 1993) Non-party (in Washington, DC)

Pretošanās vācu un padomju okupācijai.

Resistance to German and Soviet occupation 1943-1946

Note: Anti-German (and also anti-Soviet) resistance groups united in 1943 to form Latvian Central Council, which organized military activities in late 1944. The anti-Soviet partisan movement in Latvia, mostly without overall leadership, continued into 1949 when their activities were suppressed by Soviet troops.

Chairmen of the Latvian Central Council

13 Aug 1943 - 29 Apr 1944 Konstantins Cakste               (b. 1901 - d. 1945) DCP

29 Apr 1944 - 12 Jul 1944 Bruno Kalnins (acting)           (b. 1899 - d. 1990) LSDSP

Jul 1944 - 1946           Verners Tepfers                   (b. 1893 - d. 1958) DCP

(from 1 Nov 1944 in Stockholm, Sweden exile)

Chairman of the Presidium of the Latvian Fatherland Guards (Partisans) Alliance

24 Aug 1945 - 10 Jan 1946 Antons Juhnevics                 (b. 1905 - d. 1947) Mil

Kurzeme.

Governors (sākot ar 20. gs.)

1 Jan 1892 - 23 Oct 1905 Dmitriy Dmitriyevich Sverbeyev   (b. 1842 - d. 1919)

23 Oct 1905 - 23 Jul 1910 Leonid Mikhailovich Knyazev       (b. 1851 - d. 1913)

Dec 1905 - Jan 1906       Janis Lencmanis                   (b. 1881 - d. 1939) LSDSP + Semyon Mikhailovich Nakhimson   (b. 1885 - d. 1918) Bund (leaders of the Coordination Committee of Liepaja [Libau]; in rebellion)

23 Jul 1910 - Sep 1910     Prince Nikolay Dmitriyevich       (b. 1872 - d. 1937) Kropotkin (acting)

Sep 1910 - 25 May 1915     Sergey Dmitriyevich Nabokov       (b. 1866 - d. 1940)

May 1915 - May 1916       Tatishchev (in Tartu, Estonia exile)

30 May 1916 - 30 Dec 1916 Count Pyotr Vasilyevich Hendrikov (b. 1883 - d. 1942) (in Tartu exile)(Peter Graf von Hendrik)

30 Dec 1916 - 1917         Strakhov (in Tartu exile)

Province Commissioner of Courland

17 May 1917 - Nov 1917     Janis Cakste (in Tartu exile)     (b. 1859 - d. 1927) LZS

Commander of the 8th Army

26 May 1915 - 16 Aug 1915 Friedrich von Scholtz             (b. 1851 - d. 1927)

Head of the Military Administration for Courland

16 Aug 1915 - 1 Sep 1918 Alfred Freiherr von Gossler       (b. 1867 - d. 1946)

Reichskommissars for the Baltic Sea Regions

15 Mar 1918 - 5 Jun 1918 Robert Franz Karl Graf von       (b. 1866 - d. 1959) Keyserlingk-Cammerau

5 Jun 1918 - 31 Jun 1918 Friedrich Karl Alexander Casar   (b. 1869 - d. 1946) Freiherr von Falkenhausen

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Provisional

Land Council of Courland

10 May 1917 - Nov 1917     Karlis Pauluks (in Tartu exile)   (b. 1870 - d. 1945) LZS

Chairman of the Land Council of Courland

8 Mar 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Alexander Immanuel Baron von     (b. 1859 - d. 1920) Rahden-Maihof

Livonija (Vidzeme).

Governors (sākot ar 20. gs.)

21 Sep 1900 - Jan 1901     Aleksandr Nikolayevich Bulygin (2nd time) (acting)

Jan 1901 - 27 Jun 1905     Mikhail Alekseyevich Pashkov     (b. 1853 - d. 1908)

28 Jun 1905 - 28 Jul 1905 Pyotr Petrovich Neklyudov (acting)

28 Jul 1905 - 17 Aug 1905 Yakov Dmitriyevich Bologovskoy   (b. 1863 - d. 1913?) (acting)

17 Aug 1905 - 23 Nov 1914 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Zvegintsov (b. 1848 - d. 1920)

Oct 1905 - Jan 1906       Janis Ozols                       (b. 1878 - d. 1968) LSDSP + Samuil "Maksim" Klevansky                           Bun (leaders of the Federated Committee of Riga; in rebellion)

23 Nov 1914 - Jan 1916     Arkady Ippolitovich Kelepovsky   (b. 1870 - d. 1925)

Jan 1916 - 1 Feb 1916     Sergey Sergeyevich Podolinsky     (b. 1879 - d. 1944) (acting)

1 Feb 1916 - 8 Feb 1917 Nikolay Nikolayevich Lavrinovsky (b. 1875 - d. 1930)

20 Feb 1917 - 18 Mar 1917 Sergey Alekseyevich Shidlovsky   (b. 1864 - d. 1922) (Schidlowski)

Russian Government Commissioners

18 Mar 1917 - 3 Apr 1917 Andrey Krastkalns                 (b. 1868 - d. 1939) LTP

3 Apr 1917 - 20 Nov 1917 Andrey Priedkalns                 (b. 1873 - d. 1923) LSD-M (acting to 27 May 1917)

Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the 12th Army

9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Juris Carins                     (b. 1887 - d. 1922) LSD-L

Commissar for the 12th Army

Nov 1917 - 22 Feb 1918     Semyon Mikhailovich Nakhimson     (b. 1885 - d. 1918) Bund

Head of the Military Administration for Riga district

3 Sep 1917 - 4 Sep 1917 Oskar von Hutier                 (b. 1857 - d. 1934)

Commander of the 8th Army

18 Feb 1918 - 8 Mar 1918 Günther Graf von Kirchbach       (b. 1850 - d. 1925) (in Livonia)

Jul 1918 - 31 Jul 1918     Arnold von Engelbrechten         (b. 1870 - d. 19..)

Head of the Military Administration for Livland

8 Mar 1918 - 31 Jul 1918 Albert Wilhelm Heinrich Fürst     (b. 1862 - d. 1929) von Hohenzollern

Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Soviet (Council) of Workers, Soldiers and Landless Deputies of Latvia

21 Nov 1917 - 22 Nov 1917 Otto Karklins                     (s.a.)               LSD-L

22 Nov 1917 - 22 Feb 1918 Fricis Rozins                     (b. 1870 - d. 1919) LSD-L

Latgale (Vitebskas guberņa).

Governors (sākot ar 20. gs.)

1899-1904 Ivan Ilyich Chepelevsky (24.05.1899—25.10.1904)

1904-1911 Berngard Berngardovich Gershau-Flotov (25.10.1904—19.12.1911)

1911-1915 Mikhail Viktorovich Artsimovich (19.12.1911—1915)

1915-1916 Nikolay Pavlovich Galakhov (1915—1917, krievu avotos)

1916-1917 Boris Nikolayevich Khitrovo (? - krievu avotos nav)

Latgales pievienošana Vidzemei.

Latgales Zemes padome vai Latgales Pagaidu zemes padome (Latgolas Pagaidu Zemes Padūme) bija 1917. gada aprīlī ievēlēta Latgales pašpārvaldes institūcija, kas cīnījās par Latgales atdalīšanu no Vitebskas guberņas un pievienošanu pārējai Latvijai. Padomi atbalstīja Latgales poļu minoritāte, bet tās lēmumiem pretojās Latgales krievu un ebreju minoritātes.

Latgales Pagaidu zemes padome tika izveidota pēc Februāra revolūcijas 1917. gada 27. aprīlī Pirmajā Latgales latviešu kongresā Rēzeknē un tajā bija 60 deputātu vietas, no tām 24 bija rezervētas poļu, krievu un ebreju minoritātēm. Par padomes priekšsēdētāju ievēlēja Franci Trasunu, kas pārsvarā uzturējās Pēterburgā. Padomes administratīvās un saimniecības lietas Rēzeknē vadīja valdes sekretāre Valērija Seile (Seilis). Padomes sesijas notika 1917. gada 9. jūnijā, 20. septembrī un 26. novembrī. Latgales Zemes padomes mērķis bija pārņemt zemstes iestāžu funkcijas, taču Krievijas Pagaidu valdība neatzina šo padomi par pašvaldības institūciju. Zemes padome iesniedza Kerenska pagaidu valdībai memorandu par Latgales atšķiršanu no Vitebskas guberņas un pievienošanu Vidzemes guberņai, vēlāk prasību izveidot atsevišķu Latgales vēlēšanu iecirkni Krievijas Satversmes sapulces vēlēšanās, taču Krievijas valdība to neatbalstīja.

Pēc Oktobra revolūcijas lielinieki 1917. gada 3.-4. decembrī organizēja Vitebskas guberņas latgaliešu apriņķu padomju kongresu (Съезд Советов латгальских уездов Витебской губернии), ko dēvē arī par Otro Latgales kongresu. Tajā ievēlēja Latgales Pagaidu izpildkomiteju 36 locekļu sastāvā, pēc kuras iniciatīvas Krievijas PSFR Tautas komisāru padome 1917. gada 14. decembrī izdeva rīkojumu Nr. 93. par Daugavpils, Ludzas un Rēzeknes apriņķu atdalīšanu no Vitebskas guberņas un to pievienošanu Vidzemes guberņai, kas tolaik bija Iskolata pārvaldē.

Kad 1918. gada janvārī Latgali okupēja ķeizariskās Vācijas karaspēks, Daugavpils, Ludzas un Rēzeknes apriņķu zemstes sapulces 1918. gada 18. maijā ievēlēja Latgales centrālo zemes padomi 15 cilvēku sastāvā. No katra apriņķa bija 5 pārstāvji, to vidū Latgales Zemes padomes locekļi J. Grišāns, S. Kambala, A.Laizāns, J.Pabērzs, V.Seile, V.Soltāns, Velkme, B.Zaļevskis. Vienīgā padomes sesija notika 1918. gada 4.-5. oktobrī Daugavpilī.

Latvijas Tautas padome 1918. gada 17. novembrī nolēma iekļaut 18 Latgales Zemes padomes delegātus Tautas padomē. Latvijas Republikas pasludināšanas svinīgajā sēdē 1918. gada novembrī Latgales Zemes padomi pārstāvēja Staņislavs Kambala. 1918. gada 30. novembrī Latgales Zemes padome deleģēja savas pilnvaras Tautas padomei un darbību beidza.

http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgales_Zemes_padome

Krievijas varas pārstāvji Latvijā.

Temporary Governors-General of Livonia, Estonia and Courland

23 Aug 1905 - 25 Dec 1905 Woldemar von Böckmann             (b. 1848 - d. 1923) (to 11 Dec 1905 temporary governor-general of Courland, then temporary governor-general of Livonia and Courland)

25 Dec 1905 - 30 Oct 1906 Count Vasiliy Yustinovich Sollogub (b. 1848 - d. 1914)

30 Oct 1906 - 28 Apr 1909 Baron Aleksandr Nikolayevich       (b. 1844 - d. 1928) Möller-Zakomelsky

Special Plenipotentiaries for Civil Administration of Livonia, Estonia and Courland

2 Aug 1914 - Nov 1917     Aleksandr Mikhailovich Gerasimov   (b. 1861 - d. 1931) (to 7 Dec 1914 for Estonia and Livonia except district of Riga, then for Reval [Tallinn], Baltischport [Paldiski] and Dünamünde [Daugavgriva])

2 Aug 1914 - 7 Dec 1914 Churin (for Courland and district of Riga)

7 Dec 1914 - 15 Aug 1915 Pavel Grigoryevich Komarov-Kurlov (b. 1860 - d. 1923)

15 Aug 1915 - 21 Oct 1915 .... (acting)

21 Oct 1915 - 28 Jul 1917 Radko Ruskov Dimitrov (acting)     (b. 1859 - d. 1918)

28 Jul 1917 - 20 Nov 1917 Vladimir Savelyevich Voitinsky     (b. 1887 - d. 1960) (commissioner for civil administration of Livonia, Estonia and Courland)

Vācijas un Sabiedroto varas pārstāvji Latvijā.

German and Allied Military Administrations in Liepaja, Riga and Jelgava 1918 - 1919

Commanders of the German troops in Latvia, Estonia (to Feb 1919) and Lithuania (from Feb 1919)

31 Jul 1918 - 14 Jan 1919 Hugo Karl Gottlieb von Kathen    (b. 1855 - d. 1932)

14 Jan 1919 - 27 Jan 1919 Ludwig von Estorff               (b. 1859 - d. 1943)

27 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919 Ferdinand von Quast               (b. 1850 - d. 1939)

3 Feb 1919 - 3 Oct 1919 Rüdiger Gustav Graf von der Goltz (b. 1865 - d. 1946)

3 Oct 1919 - 13 Dec 1919 Walter von Eberhardt             (b. 1855 - d. 1939)

German General Plenipotentiaries of the Reich for Baltic Lands (Latvia and Estonia)

14 Nov 1918 - Jan 1919     August Winnig                     (b. 1878 - d. 1956)

Jan 1919 - Feb 1919       Wilhelm Burchard

Head of the Allied Military Mission to the Baltic States

1919 - 1919               Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough (U.K.)(b. 1870 - d. 1963)

Commanders of the Allied Forces in the Baltic Sea

28 Nov 1918 - 6 Jan 1919 Sir Edwin Alexander-Sinclair     (b. 1865 - d. 1945) of Freswick (U.K.)

6 Jan 1919 - Dec 1919     Walter Henry Cowan (U.K.)         (b. 1871 - d. 1956)

Military governors of Liepaja (Libau)

Nov 1918 - 1 Feb 1919     Johann Wilhelm Neugebauer         (b. 1854 - d. 1932) (Germany)

1 Feb 1919 - 23 Jun 1919 Rüdiger Graf von der Goltz       (s.a.) (Germany)

23 Jun 1919 - 11 Jul 1919 Henry Rowan-Robinson (U.K.)       (b. 1873 - d. 1947)

11 Jul 1919 - Oct 1919     Latvian administration

Oct 1919 - 7 Nov 1919     Lawrence Leopold Dundas (U.K.)   (b. 1874 - d. 1939)

7 Nov 1919 - 26 Nov 1919 John Alfred Moreton (U.K.)

Military governors of Riga

3 Jan 1919 - 22 May 1919 Latvian Soviet (Communist) administration

22 May 1919 - 29 Jun 1919 Alfred Fletcher (Germany)         (b. 1875 - d. 1959)

29 Jun 1919 - 5 Jul 1919 Hans Heinrich Sixt von Arnim     (b. 1890 - d. 1952) (Germany)

5 Jul 1919 - 8 Jul 1919 Stephen George Tallents (U.K.)   (b. 1884 - d. 1958) + Ernest J. Dawley (U.S.)         (b. 1886 - d. 1973)

Military governors of Jelgava (Mitau)

9 Jan 1919 - 26 Mar 1919 Latvian Soviet (Communist) administration

26 Mar 1919 - 23 Jun 1919 .... (Germany)

23 Jun 1919 - 21 Sep 1919 Rüdiger Graf von der Goltz       (s.a.) (Germany)

2 Sep 1919 - 2 Dec 1919 Pavel Rafaylovich Bermondt,       (b. 1884 - d. 1973) Prince Avalov (commander Western Russian Volunteer Army)

6 Oct 1919 - 19 Nov 1919 Konstantin Johann Georg graf von (b. 1861 - d. 1923) der Pahlen (Western Russian Volunteer Army) (chairman military-administrative council)

18 Nov 1919 - 21 Nov 1919 Walter von Eberhardt (Germany)   (s.a.)

Ostlande.

Reichskommissariat of Ostland (Eastland)

Reichskommissare

17 Jul 1941 - 26 Sep 1944 Hinrich Lohse                     (b. 1896 - d. 1964) NSDAP

26 Sep 1944 - 13 Oct 1944 Erich Koch                       (b. 1896 - d. 1986) NSDAP

(nominally to 2 Feb 1945)

Head Chief of Division I Central Office

1 Sep 1942 - 1944?       Wilhelm Burmeister               (b. 1905 - d. 1983) NSDAP

Padomju Latvija.

Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

First secretaries of the Latvian Communist Party (LKP)

25 Aug 1940 - 25 Nov 1959 Janis Kalnberzins                 (b. 1893 - d. 1986) (Ian Eduardovich Kalnberzin) (in Russian SFSR exile 1 Jul 1941 - 13 Oct 1944)

25 Nov 1959 - 15 Apr 1966 Arvids Pelse                       (b. 1899 - d. 1983) (Arvid Yanovich Pelshe)

15 Apr 1966 - 14 Apr 1984 Augusts Voss                       (b. 1916 - d. 1994) (Avgust Eduardovich Voss)

14 Apr 1984 - 4 Oct 1988 Boriss Pugo (Boris Karlovich Pugo) (b. 1937 - d. 1991)

4 Oct 1988 - 7 Apr 1990 Janis Vagris (Jan Yanovich Vagris) (b. 1930)

7 Apr 1990 - 24 Aug 1991 Alfreds Rubiks                     (b. 1935) (Alfred Petrovich Rubiks) ("leading role" of the Party abolished 11 Jan 1990)

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

25 Aug 1940 - 11 Apr 1952 Augusts Kirhensteins               (b. 1872 - d. 1963) LKP (Avgust Martynovich Kirchenshteyn) (in Russian SFSR exile 1 Jul 1941 - 13 Oct 1944)

11 Apr 1952 - 27 Nov 1959 Karlis Ozolins                     (b. 1905 - d. 1987) LKP (Karl Martynovich Ozolin)

27 Nov 1959 - 5 May 1970 Janis Kalnberzins                 (s.a.)               LKP

5 May 1970 - 20 Aug 1974 Vitalijs Rubenis                   (b. 1914 - d. 1994) LKP (Vitaly Petrovich Rubenis)

20 Aug 1974 - 22 Jun 1985 Peteris Strautmanis               (b. 1919)           LKP (Pyotr Yakubovich Strautmanis)

22 Jun 1985 - 6 Oct 1988 Janis Vagris                       (s.a.)               LKP

6 Oct 1988 - 3 May 1990 Anatolijs Gorbunovs               (b. 1942)           LKP (Anatoly Valeryanovich Gorbunov)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

25 Aug 1940 - 26 Jul 1946 Vilis Lacis                       (b. 1904 - d. 1966) LKP (Vilis Tenisovich Lacis) (in Russian SFSR exile 1 Jul 1941 - 13 Oct 1944)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

26 Jul 1946 - 27 Nov 1959 Vilis Lacis                       (s.a.)               LKP

27 Nov 1959 - 23 Apr 1962 Janis Peive                       (b. 1906 - d. 1976) LKP (Ian Voldemarovich Peyve)

23 Apr 1962 - 5 May 1970 Vitalijs Rubenis                   (s.a.)               LKP

5 May 1970 - 6 Oct 1988 Jurijs Rubenis                     (b. 1925 - d. 2004) LKP (Yury Yanovich Ruben)

6 Oct 1988 - 7 May 1990 Vilnis Edvins Bresis               (b. 1938)           LKP (Vilnis Edvins Gedertovich Bresis)

Pro-Soviet Resistance to German Occupation 1942-1944

Chief of Staff of the Partisan Units

Jan 1943 - 1944           Arturs Sprogis                     (b. 1904 - d. 1980) Mil/LKP